Oropouche virus disease, also known as Oropouche fever, is a febrile illness from which patients typically recover quickly. Transmitted primarily by insects, this virus has been associated with outbreaks of debilitating fever that mimic other tropical diseases such as dengue and chikungunya.
The virus has recently emerged as a growing health concern, spreading rapidly across various regions and posing significant challenges to healthcare systems.
What is the Oropouche Virus?
Oropouche virus is a segmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Peribunyaviridae and genus Orthobunyavirus. First identified in 1955 in Vega de Oropouche, Trinidad and Tobago, the virus is classified as an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) due to its primary transmission through insect vectors.
The primary vector for Oropouche virus is the Culicoides paraensis midge. Other potential vectors include:
The virus circulates in both forest (arboreal) and urban cycles. In forested habitats, sloths, birds, and non-human primates are believed to act as vertebrate hosts, though definitive arthropod vectors in this cycle have yet to be identified.
While human-to-human transmission has not been confirmed, a 2024 outbreak in Brazil reported cases of mother-to-fetus transmission during pregnancy.
Symptoms
Symptoms typically appear 3–10 days after being bitten by an infected insect and may include:
Most cases resolve within 7 days, but rare complications, such as aseptic meningitis, may occur.
Treatment and Prevention
Currently, there is no specific treatment for Oropouche virus disease. Care is primarily supportive, focusing on symptom relief and promoting recovery.
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